Undersecretary 1st Paper Question Asked in Open Competitive Exam on 2076.10.14

Open Competitive (Combined) Written Examination for Gazetted Second Class, Deputy Secretary or Similar (Non-Technical) Posts 2076.10.14

Time:- 3 Hours Paper:- First

Integer :- 100

Subject:- Administration and Management

Answers to the following questions must be written separately in the answer book, otherwise the answer book will be cancelled.

1. The Constitution of Nepal aims to build a prosperous nation by being committed to socialism based on democratic values and principles including a competitive multi-party democratic governance system, civil liberties, fundamental rights, human rights, child suffrage, periodical elections, full freedom of the press, an independent, impartial and competent judiciary and the concept of the rule of law. is To fulfill these objectives, along with other provisions, various rights have also been provided in the constitution as fundamental rights. Compliance and implementation of these rights is very challenging. There is also a big difference in the availability of resources for the fulfillment of some rights. However, these rights must be enforced.

In this situation, considering the problems in the implementation of fundamental rights, as the observance of such rights is essential in building a prosperous nation, present practical suggestions to implement these rights. 15

2. Public policy as a whole is the program that the government brings to the people to implement the declared objectives and resolutions to be accountable and responsible to the people. The Constitution of Nepal has provided the basic guidelines for the policy making of the country. It is considered as the basis for the creation of public policy. Experts in policy analysis say that while having their own views on the matter of public policy making, public policy formulation is prepared in a hurry to implement limited requests and international commitments rather than to address the demands of the people and the needs of the country. In addition, some policies are said to be made based on the pressure of interest groups and business groups to address their wishes. Due to which the objective of public policy cannot be achieved. In the same way, while formulating the policy, the discussion, consultation or support of the stakeholders has not been done sufficiently, if the policy follows the policies of other countries rather than considering the real needs and demands, it is also found that there is a problem in the implementation of the public policy due to the mentioned reasons.

Other problems are also seen in policy formulation. Addressing them, the country should be serious about the fact that only appropriate public policy can lead to its destination. In particular, the monitoring and evaluation standards of the policy are not quantified, the regular monitoring and evaluation system is weak, and when the same policy has to be implemented by different agencies of the government, there is a lack of effective coordination between those agencies. On the other hand, due to the constant lack of resources and means to implement the policy and the weak penal system, the aspect of policy implementation has become weak.

Analyzing the basic methods (Approaches/Models) of public policy formulation based on the above-mentioned background, if you are given the responsibility to formulate the public national policy of Nepal regarding climate change, what issues will you pay attention to while formulating the public policy based on the commitments with international bodies? Present an implementable policy blueprint. 20

3. Since public-private partnership is an important option to raise the necessary investment for development and prosperity, it seems that the government is giving high priority to cooperation, partnership and participation with the private sector. Things like the full implementation of the constitution, increasing urbanization and the government's commitment to rapid social and economic transformation are also additional opportunities for private investment. However, the public private partnership concept for productive and employment-oriented economic growth will not be able to move forward unless the environment for maximum utilization of the existing resources, means, labor, skills, technology and professional capabilities of the private sector is ensured by guaranteeing investment security.

In this context, analyze the problems, challenges and complications that have appeared to increase investment through public-private partnership in Nepal and present a roadmap of strategies to be adopted to achieve the goal of mobilizing more resources and managerial skills by increasing the investment of public-private partnership for economic prosperity. 20

4. In order to ensure accountable and responsible public finance management, the country's financial policy and management should have acquired various characteristics and capabilities. In this process, the adoption of policy-based planning and budgeting methods, professionally competent revenue management, transparency and accountability in the use of financial instruments, efficient deployment of foreign aid funds, effective finance. Management, efficient and purposeful deployment of external and internal financial resources, predictability and stability of the tax system and efficient management of financial risks are included in policy, structural and methodological capabilities.

Studies on public finance management in Nepal have revealed problematic trends and practices. These include approving projects and budgets without conducting feasibility studies, allocating budgets contrary to long-term plans and policies, revenue and tax systems not being predictable, budgeting based on results. 

Aspects such as not being able to implement the system, changing the target and budget without evaluating and reviewing the implementation of the project or program, changing the budget towards the end of the financial year, decreasing the ability to spend capital and the complexity in the implementation of the public procurement law are sensitive aspects. This point has also been made clear by the review studies conducted in 2008 and 2015 regarding Nepal's public expenditure and financial accountability. Due to these above reasons, the public finance management of Nepal seems to be becoming problematic and challenging.

Analyzing the underlying problems and challenges in the above-mentioned paragraph, what measures can be taken to solve the problem practically? Which aspects do you see the need to pay special attention to during their implementation? Present a problem solving framework using your experience, professional knowledge and skills and analytical ability. 20

5. Society and state are considered as highly moral organizations. But because its leaders are not able to demonstrate ideals, it seems that behaviors such as crime, injustice and abuse are increasing in the society. In most areas and classes of society, morals are not seen well in anyone. It seems that politics is being polluted by party interests, while social institutions are becoming centers of immoral activities under the guise of social service. There are many examples of religious institutions being transformed from exploitation of religious faith into places of adultery. Bureaucracy is working for personal interest under the Cloak of Secrecy. It seems that the private sector is indulging in unethical activities for profit.

The government survey (NNGS) conducted for the first time by the Nepal Administrative Training Institute has shown a poignant picture of ethics and accountability. According to the survey, 13,872 people from 43 districts took public opinion through direct dialogue, and 59 percent said that the government ministers lack morality, ethics and sense of responsibility, 57 percent said that political parties are not ethical and accountable to the people, 38 percent said that the bureaucracy is corrupt, 56 percent said that there is a lack of ethics among parliamentarians, and 36 percent said that the jurisdiction is caught in maladministration. are Similarly, 52 percent of business establishments and 40 percent of non-governmental organizations have said that they are stuck in the quagmire of corruption. In the "National Integrity Survey, 2014" published by Transparency International, Nepal in the year 2014, it has been pointed out that no sector is strong in terms of morality. In this, the executive scored 45, the judiciary scored 53, the public sector scored 40, the law enforcement agency scored 47, the election management agency scored 54, the Supreme Audit Institution scored 54, the corruption control agency scored 51, political parties scored 46, the media scored 58, civil society scored 54, and the business sector scored 46. It seems that no area has been able to cut 61 points to be in the strong category. In the summary of "Corruption Barometer, 2013" published by the same organization in 2013, 57 percent said that corruption has increased in two years and 69 percent said that it is in a very worrying state in the public sector. All these facts have shown that morals and ethics in all parts of our society have deteriorated.

In the context of the mentioned facts, analyze the background, reasons and "Motivators and Incentives" for the decline in morals and explain how to develop our administrative organizations as moral organizations and make moral decisions.  Give your creative opinion on measures to be taken to make such moral institutions. 25